Abu'l Hasan al-Shadhili
Abu’l Hasan Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Jabbar al Hassani wal Husayni al Shadhili (also spelled ash-Shadhili) was a great Moroccan saint and the founder of the Shadhili order
Early Life
Hazrat Abu’l Hasan was born in Bani Yafrah in the region of Ghumara, near Tétouan, in northern Morocco, in the year 593/1179 at a time when the Almohad Dynasty was all but defeated. A sharif of Hassani-Idrissite decent, he was a Maliki who wandered far afield in search of knowledge. Immensely learned, even as a young man, he was famous for his ability to engage in legal argumentation with the religions scholars of his day. As a young man, Hazrat Abul Hasan was hesitating between living the life of an ascetic in the wilderness in order to give himself up totally to worship and invocation, or to return to the towns and settlements to be in the company of the scholars and the righteous.
When he heard of a saintly man teaching Islamic sciences in the Al-Qarawiyyin university of Fez he hastened to meet him and his life changed. This man was the Sufi and scholar Hazrat Mohammed ibn Harazem (d. 633/1218), grandson of Hazrat Abul Hassan Ali ibn Harzihim (d. 559/1144) and student of Hazrat Abu Salih Mohammed Majiri (d. 631/1216), who had been instrumental in the orientation of Hazrat Abul Hassan to seek the spiritual Pole of the time (Qutb az-Zaman).
Finding his Sheikh
It was in a hermitage on top of Jabal al-‘Alam, near Tétouan, that he met the sheikh who he was searching for and who was to have the greatest influence on his life, Hazrat Abd as-Salam ibn Mashish (d. 625/ 1228), known as “the Pole of the West,” just as Hazrat Abdul Qadir Jilani (d. 561/ 1166) was called “the Pole of the East.”
While he was living with Sheikh Ibn Mashish, on the holy mountain, many wonderful signs from Allah came to Hazrat Abu’l Hasan, through this holy guide. One such sign was that on the night of his arrival on the mountain he was sleeping at the entrance of the cave where his master lived. He dreamt that he was asking the Sheikh to grant him certain wishes, one of them being that Allah would incline the hearts of His creatures in favour towards him. Then he wished to ask his master if it was necessary for him to live in solitude, or in the desert, in order for him to be in the right station (maqam) to perform his religious tasks, or whether he should return to the towns and inhabited places to seek out the company of scholars and virtuous people. While he was turning these things in his heart he heard the Sheikh praying fervently and calling out:
The next morning, when he greeted his teacher to be, he asked him of his state (kayf al-hal), to which Hazrat Ibn Mashish responded, “I complain unto God about the coolness of contentment and submission (bard al-rida wa al-taslim) just as you complain unto Him about the heat of self-direction and choice (harr al-tadbir wa al-ikhtiyar).” When he saw the astonishment on his student’s face at hearing his words, he added, “Because I fear that the sweetness of such an existence would make me neglectful of my duty towards Allah.” Then Hazrat Abu’l Hasan said, “This is the Pole of Islam. This is the Sea which overflows.” He knew then that his master had taken hold of his whole heart, and he was thereby completely illumined.
Four fundamental themes ran through Hazrat Abd as-Salam teaching of to Abu’l Hasan, as perceived from his famous Hizb, called as-Salat al-Mashishiya:
- the Oneness of Existence (wahdat al-wujud) which he said could be realised only through asceticism,
- fear of God and His judgements (khawfu billah),
- the belief that God is everywhere and that it is necessary to see His Face in everything that He has created,
- that only through the drowning in the Ocean of the Unity (awnu fi bahri al-wahadati) can the seeker cast off and leave behind his own existence and attributes to be merged and absorbed into Allah and His Attributes.
Before his departure from Jabal al-Alam, Hazrat Abd as-Salam foretold his student of his eventual move to Ifriqiya where he will become known by the name of Shadhili and the eminent spiritual station he will eventually inherit from Hazrat Abd as-Salam himself. Abu’l Hasan relates that in a dream, he saw his master standing near the Divine Throne. When he told him of this dream in the morning, Hazrat Abd as-Salam replied, “O Ali, it was not me you saw, it was the station you will inherit from me.”
The parting words of advice and admonition that Hazrat Abd as-Salam gave his disciple before he departed for Tunis emphasised the transformation of consciousness to inward and outward God-centeredness, contentment with God in all states, and the inner withdrawal from creation in prosperity and adversity. These seminal teachings of Hazrat Abd as-Salam would, through Abu’l Hasan, become the fundamental precepts of the Shadhili Tariqa.
Travels
Tunis
Remaining with his master for a while, Hazrat Abu’l Hasan then departed for Shadhila, in Tunisia, on orders from his teacher; and from there he received the name of al-Shadhili. He entered a new retreat in a cave on top of Jabal Zaghwan close to Shadhila accompanied by his first companion Hazrat Abu Yahya Abdellah ibn Samala al-Habibi. After intense spiritual exercises in the Jabal Zaghwan region, he was ordered in a vision to teach Sufism.
Accordingly, he set up his first institution (zawiyah) in Tunis in the year 625/1228, just when the new governor, Abu Zakariyya’, also arrived. During his early years in Tunis, Hazrat Abu’l Hasan first taught forty students who were known as the forty friends (al-awliya al-arba’un). His new tariqah was a stunning success, drawing masses of people from all walks of life, including the sultan’s family.
On one of his trips to the East, an Ayyubid sultan conferred on him and his descendants, by way of a religious endowment, one of the enormous towers that arose from the walls formerly encompassing the city of Alexandria in Egypt.
Hazrat Abu’l Hasan reamined in Tunis for a number of years until one day God Most High brought him a young man who was to become his successor and the inheritor of his station and his holy line, Hazrat Abu’l Abbas al-Mursi (d. 686/1271), from Murcia in Spain.
Egypt
In the year 642/1244, the sheikh, once again had a vision. Hazrat Abu’l Hasan said:
Thus he left Tunisia accompanied by Hazrat Abu’l Abbas al-Mursi, his brother Abdullah, his servant Abu al-‘Azayim as well as other Sufi sheikhs and many of his own disciples, and moved to Alexandria, where he established both his residence and the institution (zawiyah) of his order in the tower the sultan had given him. Alexandria was, during this time, a distinguished city and a place of learning various major sciences.
He lived with his family on the top floor; another floor was converted into a tremendous mosque where he gave public instruction; and another floor was converted into a great zawiyah for his disciples, with cells for meditational retreat. In Egypt, likewise, his order was greatly successful, drawing into its ranks many court officials, great religious scholars like Hazrat Izz al-Din ibn ‘Abd al-Salam (d. 660/ 1262) or the Shafi ‘i traditionist Hazrat al-Mundhiri (d. 656/ 1258), a host of Sufi figures, and individuals from different levels of society.
In the year 646/1248, he became blind, and it was in that state that he participated in the Battle of al-Mansurah in Egypt, which stopped the Seventh Crusade headed by Saint Louis of France.

The Holy Dargah of Hazrat Abu’l Hasan during his annual Urs
Death
Shortly before Sheikh Abu’l Hasan started on his last pilgrimage to Mecca, the city of Baghdad fell to the conquering Mongols, thus ending the long reign of the Abbasids there and ushering in a new epoch in the history of Islam. The sheikh was accompanied by a mass of his disciples; but he fell ill in the eastern desert of Egypt, in a place called Humaithara, and there he died in the year 656/ 1258.
Successors
Shortly before he passed away, in 656/ 1258, Sheikh Abu’l Hasan designated Hazrat Abu’l Abbas al-Mursi as his successor in the order. After Sheikh Abu’l Hasan’s death, Hazrat Abu’l Abbas al-Mursi moved into the great tower that the founder of the Shadhiliyyah had used as residence, mosque, and zawiyah, and remained there until his death ( 686/ 1288) some thirty years later, seldom moving out to travel in Egypt.